• Title Page
• Introduction
• Personal Involvment
• The Question Regarding the Identity of Wine
• Ancient Methods to Preserve Juice
• Ancients Use and Terms
• The Scriptures
  • Generic Words
    • Yayin
    • Shaker
    • Tirosh
  • Other Hebrew Words
  • Greek, Latin, and English Generic Words
  • Classification of Texts
    • Bad Wine
    • Good Wine
• Specific Passages
• Testimony

as on other questions, and when rightly consulted it will be found to be so. It is not in the text, but in the interpretation, that men have felt straitened in their consciences; and though this feeling should continue, unless the providence of God changes, it will not alter the facts of the case”—Nott, London Ed. p. 75.

The Scriptures

It should be constantly borne in mind that the Authorized Version was translated when the drinking usages were well-nigh universal. The attention of Christians and of thoughtful men had not been called to the pernicious influence of alcoholic drinks. Though drunkenness existed, still no plans were then devised either for its prevention or its cure. It was regarded as an evil incident to hospitality and social cheer.

The translators, with the most honest purpose, faithfully, according to their ability, rendered into English the original Scriptures, but were nevertheless unintentionally and unconsciously influenced by the philosophy and usages of their day. As the river carries in its waters that which with absolute certainty tells of the soil through which it has flowed, so the translators must carry into the renderings which they give evidences of the prevailing usages and modes of thought of their day. Thus innocently, though naturally, shades of meaning have been given to particular passages. These have come down to us with feelings of sacred reverence. To give a new rendering seems to be almost sacrilege. With this feeling every department of science has to contend when it would throw new light upon the sacred page. Astronomy and geology have met this difficulty, and it is not strange that